In chapter 2 of Animal Farm, old Major, the old bore who has encouraged the other animals to rebel against the humans who enslave and expoit them, dies. Old Major clearly represents Karl Marx but also a bit of Vladimir Lenin. the great animal revolution takes place quite by accident and Mr. Jones loses control of a “Manor Farm” that becomes “Animal Farm.” The revolution and the animals are led by two pigs — Napoleon and Snowball — and they draft a series of commandments that end with the declaration that “All animals are equal.”
Somehow we know that this solemn pledge will soon be forsaken.
Napoleon clearly represents Joseph Stalin as Snowball does Leon Trotsky.
Although Napoleon clearly betrays the revolution, with the implication being that the pure philsophy of old Major has been distorted or improperly applied, Orwell leaves it to the reader to decide whether things would have turned out any differently if old Major had lived to implement his revolution. I believe that by the time Orwell died, he would have said that Marxism as an ideology was ripe for exploitation and was intrinsically evil with a tendancy towards totalitarian rule that subjected individual rights to the authority of the state. That is certainly my interpretation of Marxist ideology and its application to whatever state or culture on the face of the earth.
More about that later.
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David Krayden Reads George Orwell's Animal Farm, Chapter 2